Soldier Elite
Basic tactics. [Reprint]
Reprinted from: http://chairmanmaozedong.org/article/273.html
(1937)
CHAPTER I
REMARKS
1. HOW TO CARRY THE POPULAR MASSES military action.
How is it that the masses with his bare hands, joined in the number of armed military units without guns or bullets, are able to charge the enemy, kill the enemy, and resolutely carry out effective action in the war? This is a very wide consultation and very reasonable. But if we know the function of the weapons used by the army and the objective of the action of an army, then we can understand how our masses, even with bare hands, they still have the weapons and can participate in the action to subdue the enemy.
The main function of the arms of an army is just killing the enemy, and an army of final goal is simply to reduce or destroy the enemy's fighting strength. However, in our daily lives, is there any object that can not be used to kill the enemy or any type of activity which can reduce or destroy its fighting force? For example, a kitchen knife, a wooden club, an ax, a hoe, a wooden stool or a stone can be used to kill people. Actions such as reducing power lines, destroying bridges, from rumors, spreading poison, or cut off the supply around the world can bother the enemy or reduce its fighting force. All these are methods that may be unwilling to use or not use. If you really want to kill and exterminate the enemy, there are weapons everywhere and for us to work for us to be doing at all times, to ensure effective joint action by the army and town.
2. POINTS FOR SPECIAL ATTENTION.
After this, we must pay special attention to the ongoing war in the field national level, has become cruel beyond imagination and has lasted too long. We should not, because we are experiencing the pain of a war more cruel than any other seen in the past, immediately capitulate, nor should we, under the influence of a long war, suddenly lose our resilience and give step to fatigue. We should be inspired with the strongest fighting spirit unbroken, with the warmest feelings of patriotism and the will to resist, and take out a long struggle against the enemy. We know that, despite the circumstances and duration of war is cruel and prolonged, this is nothing compared to what would happen if you lost the war, if our country were destroyed and all of our people, reduced to a state of hopeless ruin, suffering would be even more cruel and never come to an end. Therefore, even cruel war can be, we must stand absolutely firm until the final five minutes of fighting. This is especially For our current enemy, which finds its advantage in a quick decision in the war, while our advantage is that it is in a protracted war strategy.
3. We should fear not the enemy.
When we see the enemy, simply because he has a gun in their hands, should not be afraid to death as a rat, who sees a cat. We should not be afraid to approach him or infiltration within, in order to carry out sabotage. We are men, our enemies are males, all are men, and what we have to fear? The fact that it has weapons? We can find a way to seize their weapons. Everyone is afraid of being killed by the enemy. But when subjected to the oppression of the enemy, to the point like this, how can you still afraid of death? And if you do not fear death, then what have to fear about the enemy? So when we see the enemy, whether many or few, we must act as if he is the bread that can satisfy our hunger, and immediately to swallow.
4. DEFINITION guerrilla warfare
When it is advantageous to our main army of the land to satisfy fighting the enemy in a large scale and, therefore, to "send" command units or guerrilla units, which employ the tactic of avoiding strength and strike Weak, fluttering and has no fixed position, and subdue the enemy, according to circumstances, and when we are not against the enemy in accordance with the ordinary rules of tactics, is said to employ guerrilla tactics.
CHAPTER II
TACTICS
At one point in the preparation of the national defense of our country have not been completed, and when our weapons are inferior to the excellent equipment with which the enemy has given himself, we should note the following principles every time we fight a battle with the enemy:
1. PRECAUTIONS underway.
When we are on the march, we to send undercover units armed with guns in front of our vanguard, behind the rear, and lateral part of our defenses, to recognize the situation and to prevent unexpected attacks by the enemy, or unnecessary confrontations.
2. PRECAUTIONS while in custody.
When camping, if there is a presumption that the enemy may be near, we should send every day a company of the guerrillas-or at least a platoon into enemy defenses to carry out reconnaissance distance (20 to 30 li) or to join local forces and conducting propaganda among the masses, to inspire to resist the enemy. If this unit discovers the enemy, should, on one hand, resist it and, secondly, the report to us so we can prepare to deal with the enemy or to retire without being dragged into a battle unnecessary.
3. WE MUST NOT strong attack positions.
If the enemy keeps its firm position or defending a strong strategic point, Therefore, unless we have special guarantees of success. we should not attack it. If we attack him, we will lose a considerable time, and our losses in killed and wounded certainly be many times those of the enemy. Moreover, not guerrilla warfare, artillery is strong: if recklessly attack a strong position, it will be difficult quickly taken in a stroke, and, meanwhile, will be easy for the enemy to rally his forces and everywhere around us. At this point, the army and the people must be absolutely firm of purpose and can not act recklessly in a disorderly manner, due to a moment of anger.
4. NO hard fight battles.
If we are not 100 percent guarantee of victory, we must not wage war because it is not worth killing 1,000 of the enemy and lose 800 dead among us. Especially in the guerrilla war as we are waging, is difficult to replace the men, horses and ammunition, and if we fight a battle and lose many men and horses, and plenty of ammunition, this should be considered a defeat for us.
5. WE MUST NOT FIGHT, if the situation enemy is clear, no.
When we camped at a particular place and suddenly find the enemy, but was not informed about their number or where he is coming, we can not absolutely control, but definitely should withdraw from several tens of li. Only if we are right at the enemy that we must send to the units they cover, for if the enemy comes to attack us, no doubt because their forces are higher, or has a plan, and must, under no circumstances fall into their trap. If the enemy is in force, is clearly advantageous for withdrawal. If your numbers are small and we pulled out, nothing more than a little fatigue is involved, and always will be time to return and attack again later.
6. We must organize the masses and unite with them.
Modern Warfare is not an issue in which armies can only determine victory or defeat. Especially in the fight against the guerrillas, we must rely on the strength of the masses, because only so we have a guarantee of success. The mass support gives us great advantages in transportation, aid to the wounded, intelligence, impaired enemy's position, etc. At the same time, the enemy can be placed in an isolated position, further increasing our advantages. If, unfortunately, we are defeated, but will also be possible to escape or to find concealment. Therefore should not lightly give battle in places where the masses are not organized and linked to us.
7. Using the masses to make a surprise attack and a blockade.
When the enemy surrounds us and locks we must awaken the masses and cut enemy communications in all directions, so that he does not know that our military is already close to him. Then, we must take advantage of a dark or light in the morning to attack and disperse it.
8. Surprise attacks on isolated units.
When we toured the position of the enemy and our men have been kept at a distance of several li and when he has relaxed his precautions, no doubt, then rapid progress with light equipment, before dawn, when the enemy does not expect him and exterminate him.
9. USE OF THE POPULAR MASSES OF HARRY THE ENEMY.
On the basis of a decision by the main army force at the time of the battle, sending part of our forces, divided into several units, the element smaller than a platoon, to lead the local militia, police, army of volunteers, or the masses of peasants and workers. These groups use a variety of flags, occupy or mountaintop villages and market towns, use bronze gongs, spears, rudimentary guns, swords and spikes, horns, etc are scattered around the landscape and scream, which distracted the enemy's eyes and ears. Or, you night and day, on all sides, single shots are fired for cause panic between enemy soldiers and the fatigue of his spirit. Then, after our army is in full force when the enemy is waiting and dispersed by a flank attack.
10. Circling away from the Enemy.
When faced with an enemy force and are not strong enough to meet with his attack, using the method of circling around. We hasten to a place where there are no enemy troops, and the use of mountain routes that the enemy can not be a day with us. At the same time on the road, we use the masses, get to carry out reconnaissance work in the front and rear so you are not attacked by the enemy from any direction.
11. LEAVE plight.
It assumes that in the back there is an army of search and in the front with an obstacle, or that the pursuit of the army is too strong for us. As a plan to emerge from such a fully difficult situation, we can send some of our forces off 4 or 5 li, to attract the enemies of a great road, while our main force follows a path lateral and escape the enemy. Or we can make a detour around the enemy's rear aa and attack there by surprise. Or you can use the local militia and police to go along another route, leaving some of the objects, making footprints in the road, sticking notices, etc. as well as to induce the enemy to follow. So, our main suddenly comes running from one side of the road, hitting the enemy in front and rear, all around him, and he vanishes.
12. "It causes uproar in the East, the strike in the west. "
When the army wants to attack a particular place, it does not go there directly, but makes a detour to somewhere else and then changes its course in the midst of their march, to attack and disperse the enemy. "The thunder leaves no time to cover ears. "
13. HIDDEN AMBUSH attacks.
When the enemy follows us hastily selected a location for an ambush and wait until he arrives. Thus, we can capture the enemy all at once.
14. Ambush the enemy in the course of his march.
When We can learn to recognize that the enemy plans to move from a certain point, you choose a place where their path narrows and passes through mountainous terrain confused and send a part of our troops-or a group of shooters to stay hidden in the mountains that line its route or in the woods, to wait until your main force is to step. Then we throw stones at his men down from the mountains and tilt with bullets, or shoot from ambush his commanders on horseback.
15. MAKE A STRONG DEFENSE empty that field.
When our spies have informed us that the enemy is about to arrive, and if our strength is not enough to do battle, then it must carry out the stratagem of "making a strong defense by emptying the countryside." We hide the food, tents, fuel, grains, pots and other utensils, etc. in order to cut the enemy's food supply. Moreover, as regards the masses of the area in question, except the elderly, women and children who are left behind to provide information of recognition, which we all men able to hide places. Thus the enemy has no one to work as porters, guides and scouts. At the same time, we sent some men to the communication lines of the enemy's rear, to cut supplies, the capture of his messengers, and cut or sabot age their communications services.
16. MEETING a superior enemy.
(1) When the enemy advances, we retreat. If the enemy forces were weaker than ours, would not dare to move forward and attack us. So, when moving to us, we conclude that the enemy is certainly comes with higher power and is operating according to plan and prepare. It is therefore appropriate for us to evade its vanguard, by the removal in advance. If we meet the enemy in the course of our march and either have no clear information about him or know that their army is stronger than ours, we must, without hesitation, conduct a precautionary recall.
As to the place to be withdrawn, not suitable for long distances from main roads, so the enemy follows us to the end. We must move sinuously in the nearby area, the clearance around in circles. If the enemy is before us, we circle around his back, if the enemy is in the mountains, we descend into the valleys, if the enemy is in the center, we must go back on both sides, if the enemy on the left bank of the river, we must go back on the right bank, and if the enemy is on the right bank, we must go back on the left.
Moreover, to withdraw, when we reached a crossroads, can deliberately leave some objects in the field of road not take or send a small fraction of our horses men that way, so as to leave some tracks or write symbols. Or you can write some distinctive signs on the path we took to indicate it is closed. Thus, to induce the enemy to direct persecution and attacks in the wrong direction.
At such times, it is best to evacuate the masses and the armed forces of the militia, police, army of volunteers, etc, by different routes in all directions, with to confuse the enemy's eyes and ears. We leave behind some of our men, who bury their uniforms and weapons and disguised as traders, hawkers, etc. They spread rumors or pretend it requires in order to spy on the information on the numbers of the enemy, his plans, the location and routine of their camps, and the precautions you are taking. If enemy to questions about the direction in which we removed and the strength of our force, should speak incoherently, pointing toward the east and west is, pointing south and saying that the north, replacing small big big and small, speaking at random and creating rumors. To wait until our Army is about to attack, then dig up their uniforms and put them, take their weapons and attack the enemy from their midst, then, completely routing him and left him with nowhere to turn.
(2) When the enemy retreats, we pursue. When the enemy retreats army should take this situation forward. On that occasion, the military situation of the enemy must have suffered a change, otherwise it would not have retired, and he is certainly not prepared to join the battle against us with any resolution. Taking advantage of the situation and make an attack that covers the rear, the enemy, covering units will not be resolved to fight, and in the context of the enemy along the whole plan will be difficult to advance their units to return and participate in the fray. In the rough mountainous terrain, where roads are narrow and the rivers and streams so intertwined that many bridges, even if the enemy's forward forces were back, this measure would require long. So, by the time he turns his back will have been destroyed and who have already been disarmed.
At this time, the mass organizations popular, should devise methods for destruction of the bridges on the route in which the enemy is in retreat, or cut the cables of your communications system. Or, Best of all, you should wait until most of the enemies have left the army and taking advantage of the protection offered by the guards and the army, block the path of the enemies of the withdrawal, so that, even though their forces may want to go back, can not, and despite that long for help, they can not get it.
But in a moment, the most important task of the masses is to recognize the direction in which the enemy retreats, to determine whether there or may not be an ambush or a fake withdrawal intended to surround us from both sides, and let us know immediately so that our army can take courage and pursue the enemy or to devise a method of escape from it.
(3) When the enemy stops, harass him. When the enemy is newly arrived in our territory, Not familiar with the terrain, does not understand the local dialect, and is unable to obtain any information from the scouts sent, it is as if he had entered a land distant and unapproachable. At that time, we must increase our harassment firing guns everywhere, to do harm to the facility day and night, to exert great influence in both his mind and body and under such circumstances, I fear that any army, however arrogant, begin to waver and tires. We just have to wait the time of faltering spirit and your body tired, and then, if our armies in tip all together, we can certainly exterminate completely.
17. DEALING with a weak enemy.
Struggling as we are in favor of the existence of our nation and achieving the objectives of the guerrilla war, that is to destroy the enemy and to raise the value of the people, when faced with a weak enemy, of course, must unite with the masses of the site question about him and exterminate him in one blow.
18. Brought to the masses.
There is always a good number of the masses people who forget the great cause for the sake of the slight edge. Frequently they have received great favors from the enemy, act against the conscience and help law of evil. For this reason, before the arrival of the enemy in a certain place, we must do everything possible to revive the hearts of the masses to awaken their will to resist and provide them with an unshakable will to fight to the end. without seeking the advantage, without compromise or surrender. We must induce to follow our orders and sincerely cooperate with our army to resist the enemy. At the same time, we should also organize "resist-the enemy associations", "salvation associations national ", and other professional bodies to facilitate the transmission of orders and evacuation of people in time of need and to clean the traitors and prevent its use by the enemy.
CHAPTER III
GOAL OF THE WAR
The ultimate goal of the guerrilla war is certainly to disarm the enemy, to destroy its fighting force, to recover the territories it has occupied and to save our brothers who are trampling on foot! But when, due to objective circumstances and other factors of various kinds, it is impossible to achieve this objective sometimes happens that the areas not affected by the fighting are controlled by the enemy in all tranquility. This should not be. Because of this possibility, we must think of ways to inflict economic and political damage in these areas and the destruction media, so that even if the enemy has occupied our territory, is of no use to him and he decided to quit on their own initiative.
In guerrilla warfare, we must observe the principle of "To win territory is no cause for joy, and lose territory is no cause for sadness." To losing territory or cities does not matter. The important thing is to think of ways to destroy the enemy. If you have not diminished the power of the enemy, even if we take the cities, be unable to maintain them. By contrast, when our own forces are not sufficient, if we give up the cities, we still have the hope of recovering them. It is totally inadequate to defend the cities as possible, for this only leads to sacrifice our own effective strength.
CHAPTER IV
ORGANIZATION
1. OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE ORGANIZATION.
(1) When we are working to war in an open region, which are sparsely populated, with a low cultural level, where communications are difficult and facilities for the transmission of the correspondence is insufficient, that they are beneficial.
(2) Limit the mountainous regions, and increased the fall of the terrain, or areas in the vicinity of narrow roads, all of which are inconvenient for the circulation of large bodies of troops, are also advantageous.
Opportunities also exist:
(3) When people in the rear of the enemy is sympathy with our army.
(4) When the enemy is well armed, and numerous troops and brave, so we have to avoid direct confrontation.
(5) When the enemy has penetrated deep into our territory and we are preparing to carry out all measures of harassment and obstruction against him.
(6) the dense forests or swamps Reedy, in the depths of which may disappear, it is more advantageous for this purpose, especially in the summer and fall, when we behind a green curtain.
2. Forms of organization.
The action of a guerrilla group that has one of the following ways:
(1) We sent a large cavalry unit of our main force, along with the horse artillery, cavalry or accompanied by a platoon or more armed with light automatic weapons. They enter as quickly as possible into the enemy rear to destroy all of its communications links, and perform the total and complete destruction of all food storage, grain for their horses and ammunition. In addition, send a small group of his forces to destroy all places of military importance in the enemy rear. Once these incursions have taken place, the group fight their way in another direction and rejoins the force main.
(2) We send cavalry or a special task force of infantry. Their strength should be firing a few companies. It must penetrate as deeply as possible into the enemy rear, and moving quickly and unpredictably, must take the battle from one place to another. When there is no alternative, or when the enemy is not expected to arrive before a certain time, they can live temporarily in secret where they are. As to the exigencies of the situation, which may use all or part of their forces. They return when they can no longer remain in the enemy rear, or the task entrusted to them is completed, or because the enemy has already discovered the remains and our intentions, and has taken effective action in defense.
(3) In the rear of the enemy, we choose some elements young, strong and courageous among the local population, and organize small groups that accept the leadership of the experience and training for people who send or people with experience that we had previously trained in the location in question. Secret activity of these small groups involves moving from his own area to another, changing their uniform numbers unit, and external appearance, and using all methods to cover their tracks as possible.
(4) O seek volunteers of our military and provide High quality weapons from light, to form special units of the guerrillas under the leadership of the Bureau, and have benefited from experience and study.
(5) guerrilla units can be classified by type. The selected volunteers trained by special units are called by the guerrillas. Organizations in general, part of our guerrilla army called the basic units. Of the organizers of the local population are called local guerrilla units. When the guerrilla units local base and participate in joint actions, which are subject to the control unit commander of the base unit.
(6) As to the choice of members of a guerrilla unit, members of a guerrilla unit base should be chosen from among the soldiers who are healthy, strong of purpose, patient, courageous and sharp. Moreover, the soldiers themselves ready to join the group in question. In the case of independent actions taken by these men in the course of operations the guerrillas, there is usually no way to verify whether their tasks are executed in accordance with orders, and frequently act beyond the knowledge of those responsible commander. For this reason, the selection and training of members of guerrilla units should have the theme "faithfully carrying out their own task. "
(7) The election and appointment of the commander of a workgroup or a small guerrilla group requires greater foresight and reflection. The ability of the commanders of the action, faithful and courageous, his military knowledge, especially knowledge of guerrilla tactics, the possession of a lively intelligence and the ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances, their loyalty and boldness are essential conditions to carry out plans and complete our tasks.
3. Number of troops
The number of men belonging to a guerrilla unit is determined by the tasks, but usually ranges from five or ten men to just over a thousand. However, the maximum strength of this unit should not exceed one regiment. If the number is too large troop movements of our forces will be taxed, there will be no major difficulties in relation to food supply and will be difficult to conceal from the troops for the use of false uniform. Because of these problems, our plans can be discovered or disclosed before that have been carried out. Furthermore, the replenishment of supplies of ammunition shall be a problem. Moreover, they often have difficulties because of poor roads, with the result that all our plans not only to prove merely illusory, but also often have difficulties with any good to go and return.
The great superiority of a small guerrilla notable is its mobility. With very little expenditure of time and effort one can get food, and also easy to find a place to rest, so it does not need much in the way of rations or a place of refuge for camping. Fewer still held by poor roads and supplies of ammunition and medicine are also easy to replace. If we fail in our operation, can retreat in order.
4. Types of soldiers.
As for the type of soldiers employed in the guerrilla units, cavalry, engineers and highly mobile ground troops are excellent. Cavalry has been entrusted with the task of creating disorder in the enemy's flanks, and also, when we pursuing the enemy, to keep the pressure on his rear and create confusion in their flanks, and at the back. Moreover, at any time, the cavalry is the guerrilla unit is only an instrument for the transmission of correspondence and recognition. Therefore, the cavalry is indispensable to any unit of the guerrillas. Engineers are used to destroy communications in the rear of the enemy (such as railroads, telephone and telegraph lines, bridges, etc) As for the highly-mobile infantry units, which are useful to frighten the enemy and to produce in him a feeling of insecurity and night day.
5. WEAPONS.
Besides the rifles of the infantry and cavalry, light machine guns, hand grenades, guerrilla units, etc, should also be supplied with pistols and submachine guns.
To the extent that the terrain allows, you can also add heavy machine guns, mortars and small guns.
6. MEN AND BAGGAGE
The desirability of movement and agility that the characteristics of a unit the guerrillas, the train of baggage, cases of equipment and ammunition, etc. should all be as simple as possible for the sake of convenience. Members of combatant and noncombatant every unit should be organized as best suited to guerrilla warfare, and all other persons that are not essential should be kept to the barest minimum.
(1) The officers and men in each platoon of guerrillas must not exceed 8, each section should not exceed 26, and each company must not exceed 100.
(2) When the automatic weapons are more numerous, the number of men can be further reduced, and guerrilla units composed of 5 or 6 men can be sent repeatedly to achieve the greatest results in terms of harassing the enemy or securing intelligence.
(3) Each commander of a unit must be ordered one at most. Apart from this function of the complexity of the tasks, two or three officials must share the services of an orderly. Even more attention should be given to not abuse this rule without increasing the number of emails as a substitute ordinance and to see that an unnecessarily high number men are sent to perform a given task, thus reducing the fighting strength of our own unit. Therefore, when you send emails, one must think carefully whether it can do the job or not.
(4) It is preferable that each unit of mass should not carry food packets. When dry rations made separately by each soldier while they last, you should utilize opportunities to borrow pots and pans of the population to prepare additional rations. If necessary to carry packages, each unit should take no more than two.
(5) Bundles of writing materials should not be above the requirements. Typically, two packets per regiment, one per battalion, and one for each company are permissible. The weight of each package must not exceed 40 kilograms.
(6) Every officer and soldier must carry their own bedding, backpack, etc. should not be contracted carriers to transport these items. This rule must be firmly established in advance.
7. OBJECTS TO BE CARRIED.
A guerrilla unit should preferably have the following things:
(1) equipment and explosives for destruction railways, telephone and telegraph lines, arsenals, etc.
(2) Drugs. Those needed in an emergency should be conducted in accordance to the season but, dressings, etc. should be provided on a permanent basis.
(3) A compass and maps of the area where the guerrillas operate.
(4) light radio equipment, which is especially important to report at any time on the enemy's situation and to hear the reports of the enemy.
(5) A certain amount of gold coins to cover unforeseen needs and to purchase food.
8. DISCIPLINE.
Whether or not the Military discipline is a good guerrilla influence the reputation of our army and its ability to secure the sympathy and support of the masses. I can only assure strict discipline of the complete victory of all our independent actions. Therefore, our attitude toward those who violate military discipline, the damage interest people, and resolved not to run the orders of their superiors, must be to punish them severely, without any consideration for the courtesy. The application of discipline partisan military unit not exclusively geared to punishment. By contrast, aims to strengthen political education of officers and soldiers and raise their level of political awareness, which indirectly eliminating a large number of actions contrary to military discipline and provoking the officers and soldiers to understand the psychology of the masses, so that in due course be joined effectively with the common people.
9. Political Organization.
(1) Each working group small guerrilla group and must have a political director, and headquarters of the guerrilla unit must be a political training department to direct the political work of the officers and soldiers and treat human problems of all political instructors.
(2) Each unit of a guerrilla unit disaster should establish a special commission to guard against infiltration and activity of reactionary elements and to encourage soldiers without clear ideological consciousness waver in purpose.
(3) In order to prevent desertion of soldiers, a committee against desertion as well as "groups of ten," should be organized in each unit of the guerrillas. The ten groups and the Committee against desertion are negative methods for preventing dropouts. His organization and the work must be carried out more or less as follows:
a. To avoid dropouts, every guerrilla unit should establish a committee of desertion and unity of all the mess should organize a group of ten.
b. The Committee against desertion should be composed of seven to nine people, one of them the president and members of others. It should be composed of lower level cadres who can endure hardship and whose thinking is convent and heads of groups of ten. The ten groups are composed of ten men in total, one in the head and limbs of others. They consist of soldiers loyal and reliable.
c. The over-all activity of groups of ten is subject to the Committee against desertion. In military is subordinate to the commander of the unit and the Committee against desertion. In other work is subordinated to the political education department. Both groups of ten and committee against desertion must accept the leadership of their chief.
d. The work of the group of ten must take into account all the actions and talk of the officers and soldiers, particularly "vague field "and such. Items must be secretly watched unstable, even if they are members of the group of ten or their friends.
e. Meetings should be held once a week to review the work and report to the commanding officer and the Committee against dropping out on the general situation at all times. After each extreme difficulty, or when our army has suffered defeat lightly and is staying at their base camp, paying particular attention to the unfavorable attitudes that can develop between soldiers and the conversations that could jeopardize the morale of the soldiers.
f. The work of the Committee against desertion is, especially in the examination the work of groups of ten and the warning and guide them in the right moments. The committee may also call a conference of heads of all groups of ten years, or the plenary lectures of all group members to discuss the progress of the work as a whole.
The lives of soldiers is like living in the desert and men suffer daily fatigue political study and training in the art of combat. This can easily lead to feelings of disgust and opposition. With To provide entertainment for the army and to make a boring life must be established in a guerrilla unit clubs or entertainment rooms. (For more details the organization and activities of these clubs, see the account in chap. XV, 10).
10. Special forms of military organization.
(1) In order to compensate for the lack of supplies of ammunition and the bad shots, each company must have: three to nine shots, to be used exclusively for filming an ambush from a distance or to shoot special targets (enemy officers, guns or artillery, post, etc.).
(2) The commander of each group and a small working group should choose particularly keen vision of the post to serve as observers. Normally, a task force commander must have two of these, and one small group commander. These men serve merely to remedy the inadequacy of battlefield observation.
(3) Each small group work and group of a guerrilla unit should have two nurses, who are dedicated solely to emergency care of sick officers and soldiers and hygiene education.
(4) In order to obtain reliable information on the disposition of the enemy, to be able to oppose it without losing any opportunity, all guerrilla units should establish groups of scouts. Normally, it is sufficient if each unit has a platoon, each working group has a team, and every little group a smaller element. A network of local scouts must also be established by the scouting party wherever they go, or hidden in advance scouts.
CHAPTER V
TASKS
The main purpose of the action of a guerrilla is to meet the enemy blows stronger possible to their morals, and the creation of disorder and unrest in the back, withdrawing his main force at the sides or back, to slow or stop their operations, and ultimately, to frustrate their fighting force so that enemy units are crushed one by one and falls into a situation in which, even by a rapid misleading actions and can neither advance nor retreat.
1. Destroy the railways and roads within the zone of action and the important structures along roads. Telegraph lines and telephone systems are especially important.
2. Destroy the enemy main or secondary stores.
3. Destroy the enemy of food stores and military equipment.
4. The strike at the enemy's rear, at their baggage, or on mounted and dismounted mail and as riding in their browsers, etc. We also take advantage of provisions and ammunition that the enemy is bringing up the rear to the front.
5. Exercise independent working group of the enemy and in residential areas has not yet solidly busy.
6. Mobilize and organize the masses of people everywhere and assist in his own defense.
7. Destroy tanks and military airfields of the Air Force in the enemy rear.
CHAPTER VI
OPERATIONS
1. ACTION.
1. The first principle involves careful preparation and in secret, and the rapid and sudden attack. Strong winds and heavy rains provide a good opportunity for a guerrilla attack, like the fog, the darkness of night, or the circumstances in which it is possible beating an exhausted enemy.
2. The operations of a guerrilla unit should consist of an offensive war. Whether your number is large or small, as a unit however, it may appear when you least expect and in their attacks, taking advantage of the lack of enemies of the preparation. But when there are indications that the situation is unfavorable, or when there is no certainty of victory, it should withdraw quickly, not to suffer damaging losses. If the originally planned attack by the guerrilla unit can not give a favorable outcome, and the enemy is approaching the offensive, a guerrilla unit should be removed quickly. Only when the enemy is after us, and it is impossible to evade their attacks, we can fight a defensive action and then gradually withdraw.
2. The use of tactics.
1. The force a formidable guerrilla unit definitely does not depend solely on its numerical strength but in its use of sudden attacks and ambushes, in order to "cause an uproar in the east and west strike, "which appears now, here and now, with flags and had bare false decision propagating rumors about one's own strength, etc., in order to destroy enemy morale and create in him a boundless terror. And we must pay attention to principles such as: "The enemy advances, we retreat, the enemy retreats, we advance, the enemy halts, we harass him, "camouflaged attacks, etc.
2. A really good trick for what the enemy is destroyed in mobilizing the masses, in making a strong defense by emptying the countryside, luring the enemy to penetrate our deep lines, cutting their communications, placed in a position where they have difficulty with their food supply, where his men are tired and the land is poor and then launch an attack.
3. By tactics such as sudden attacks, ambushes, making a strong defense to clear the field, etc. A guerrilla unit should do everything possible to prevent a war of positions, and all front commitments. Before local guerrilla units have been trained regular military. not be launched against the enemy in a regular and protracted battle. For this reason, when local guerrilla units were formed first, only to be used in conjunction with the actions of the basic or special guerrilla units. It is only after a fixed period which can act independently.
4. If we reach the point where the enemy feels the greatest difficulties, in order to derive their main force towards the support of the position, then, later, send our main strength elsewhere, either to attack other isolated and weak forces of the enemy or to attack his reinforcements in the march.
3. LAND strengths and weaknesses.
1. Because it offers very little open land good coverage, is slightly unfavorable to us, when units guerrilla operations there. Cloudy, mountains, or hilly ground are advantageous to us.
2. A guerrilla unit should be thoroughly familiar with the ground in the region of action and often must think about ways they can appear in a place where the enemy does not expect it, after routing secret and hidden, such as valleys, forests and narrow paths in order to approach the enemy's army and take advantage of a situation in which the enemy, convinced that is quite safe, has not taken any measure of defense. Then, following the principle that the "thunder leaves no time to cover the ears", the unit may give you sudden strokes and then disappear underground without a trace, reducing the enemy to a level where you feel safe if he retires, or move, attack or defend, moving or standing still, sitting or lying down.
3. Relatively large villages, market towns, and where there is a reasonably large number of grains and other movable property are often the objects of an enemy attack and harassment. A guerrilla unit regularly traces of the enemy spy, and prepare an ambush, in order to attack him when he is in the midst of their march.
4. A guerrilla unit should use each method, within its scope, to prevent small units of the enemy of the post. and its main force hiding there. If necessary, a guerrilla unit should also try to expose the force military, disposition, and plans of the enemy outside their operation area of action.
4. Seasons.
A guerrilla unit must take into account the seasons (winter, summer or autumn are suitable for operations), with reference to the strength of our forces and the enemy, particularly with reference to weapons of war, but must also be thoroughly familiar with the organization of the enemy rear. Whether or not each season is favorable for us also determined in relation to the ground.
5. SECRET OF ACTION
The peculiar quality of operations of a guerrilla unit is fully in taking the enemy by surprise. We must therefore take all possible steps to preserve the military secret, as described in detail below:
1. The unit commander must explain to their subordinates in their tasks and plan the operation only just before the action begins, or while moving. If necessary, explain the whole plan, only in stages, so that others learn about each stage only when necessary.
2. The best method for the transmission of orders in a guerrilla unit for oral argument is the commander to his subordinates. It is necessary to limit the written orders to the extent possible, to avoid leakage of military secrets.
3. One must not talk about all their actions and guides or plans of the local population. This is true even with respect to local populations favorable to us, is even more necessary to prohibit talking as if we are about to attack a particular place.
4. We send scouts ahead faithful and reliable to observe the point where we will camp or stay in ambush along major roads in the enemy's rear to cut off the information.
5. When we move, our rear, must assume full responsibility obliteration and elimination of all secret signs and traffic signals. We must also move by indirection, so that the enemy does not know the direction of our progress.
6. Fixed code names should be used in place of all unit designations, and use the real names of the units must be strictly prohibited.
7. Except in cases of necessity, all documents must be burned immediately after they have read.
8. Apart of the methods listed above, the real plans of a guerrilla unit can also be obscured in some cases using local population for the spread deliberately false information about the operations of the guerrilla unit in order to deceive the enemy.
6. Arrangements and preparations for movement.
In order that our movements can be fast, apart from doing everything possible to simplify our entire organization, we must maintain at all excellent preparation time for action (research and intelligence on the front, care of sick soldiers, preparation guides, preferably using local farmers, whose sympathies with the guerrillas, or other trusted adults), and also it is better to dry rations for three days. If this is done, then when we move, we move, and when we stop, stop, and there is no need for special arrangements.
7. CONDITIONS FOR THE VICTORY.
1. A condition for the victory of a guerrilla is that officers and soldiers are quite brave and determined spirit. Also be filled with a spirit of common action, and be fully alert and determined to carry out its tasks. Apart from this, they must have healthy bodies and be able to endure hardships without limits, be good at using their weapons, etc.
2. A guerrilla unit should not lose heart in difficult times, nor should they stop working if you encounter a difficult situation. As for his confidence in ultimate victory, his confidence in the success of their cause, and especially his hatred of our national enemy, such circumstances should only strengthen their intention to move forward with courage despite all obstacles.
8. UNITED ACTIONS.
If a small guerrilla group, because their numbers are insufficient, can not carry out a task assigned to him, may temporarily join a guerrilla some other units in order to fulfill its task.
The guerrilla operations are best carried out under cover of night.
CHAPTER VII
Surprise Attacks
1. Points to be considered carefully about our tasks before a surprise attack.
When a guerrilla unit concentrate has been completed for an attack, and when plans for scouts, courier service etc., have been satisfactorily completed, and one is preparing a surprise attack in an inhabited place determined, the guerrilla commander must first form a clear idea about each of the following points.
1. What is the strength military forces to defend the given inhabited place? How are they deployed? How are they armed? What is your fighting ability? Like many Scouts to have sent a warning?
2. Are there any other enemy nearby? If so, how far is it? Can he quickly come to the aid of the defense forces? Can we imagine how I would go to bat for them? What direction was coming?
3. What kind road there that could be followed by guerrillas and by the enemy? What is hidden paths in the vicinity of the place we intend to attack by surprise? What path we will take to get where they're attacking? The above three points are not all there is to know in view of carrying out a surprise attack, we must not fail to consider referring to the retreat after the attack.
4. As for fixing the time of a surprise attack, it is best to carry it out at night, for, under cover of darkness, even if the attack fails, you still can inspire panic in the enemy. But we can attack at night only if we are very familiar with the field and clearly understood the provisions of the enemy or very good guides. Otherwise, we choose instead to carry out such attacks by surprise at dawn. If a surprise attack is directed against a supply depot, to be carried out in at night, for men, horses and military equipment in the tank of this type will be moving again very early, at dawn.
5. Can the population of the assistance given inhabited place the enemy or not? How can we prevent the population of itself bring problems like this?
While we think of our plans long, we should avoid too subtle plans.
2. Points of attention before leaving.
1. Before leaving, a guerrilla unit must complete all preparations for the journey (see below). It should also consider adopting stretchers for transporting injured soldiers.
2. The method for a surprise attack against the enemy must be fully understood in advance not only by the unit commander and the commanders of each working group, but also by all members of each working independently. The best way to convey this information is through oral explanations by the commander and his staff. Written orders of all kinds are held at least to prevent their contents released by the loss or error.
3. Before setting out, all staff at all levels must designate a replacement, so, first, to express their resolve to sacrifice themselves and, secondly, to avoid the risk that, if they are wounded or killed, the action of the guerrillas could not achieve its objective because of them, to influence the situation.
3. POINTS OF ATTENTION AS On the Move.
1. We must make every effort to conceal the movements of a guerrilla unit and to prevent discovery by the enemy. Therefore, while advancing, exit the Highroads and avoid the larger towns, and choose out of the way or even places where there are no roads at all, moving along narrow winding trails. But we must keep a distance of muddy roads, to avoid excessive fatigue.
2. Going forward, we can not continue much longer in the same way, so this makes it easy for the enemy to discover our tracks. From the standpoint of maintaining our movements secret, is also generally appropriate to move night, even when we are moving a long distance.
3. When we are moving for the sake of hiding ourselves, we must keep the number of people we sent for recognition to the lowest level. In general, it is sufficient to send a few along the way browsers, but we have very good guides.
4. If you are absolutely sure that no enemy spies come to observe, it is best to divide our forces into small groups, advancing separately in different directions and then concentrate on a point that has been designated as confidential.
5. When a guerrilla unit is in motion, must be constantly prepared for a meeting with the enemy. For this reason, the officer in command of a guerrilla unit in general, progress, accompanied by his staff, just behind of the scouts behind the elite troops, or in front of the unit staff (staff is responsible for directing the second in command). It is easy obtain a clear picture of the situation and can make decisions very quickly. If the commander sees that progress is possible, advance, and if you realize the difficulties, he withdrew. All that is required is that two or three officers maintain a discussion and then the decision may be taken. Thus, to avoid sending orders round trip, with the consequent loss of opportunities and ways to reduce the rear command and his evil companion to act not according to circumstances.
6. Apart from the scouts along the road, the soldiers of the guerrilla unit should not load their rifles, to avoid accidental discharges during walking and discovery by the enemy.
4. ACTION TO BE TAKEN If the enemy is on the march.
1. Under no circumstances should a guerrilla provoke a pointless battle before it has reached its goal. Although the guerrillas who may find the enemy during their march, they must find a way to get around it, if necessary, starting from the original plan. If there is no way to avoid battle, we must get out of the ambush, after a fast, to appear where the enemy does not wait and annihilate it for a surprise attack. At the same time, when we are carrying out the maneuver of this kind, we must pay attention whether the enemy stops or advances, and send explorers to recognize all addresses. If the enemy is unprepared for battle, or whether, despite that it is in a degree, not in the warning, which must charge immediately. Otherwise, we must remain in hiding and silently hoping for an opportunity.
2. Where, the course of our march, we met the enemy outposts and scouts, to avoid being seen by them and the circle next to them in strict silence. But we are with a situation in which we judge an opportunity to be grasped, we must act quickly and capture without firing a shot.
5. Disposition of troops during a surprise attack.
When a guerrilla unit conducts a surprise attack, the readiness of their troops should be more or less as follows:
1. We must launch a ferocious attack on our main strength at the point where the disposition of the enemy where it hurts – a real blow quickly and decisively. You must also send another force about to undertake energetic action on the flanks of the enemy and at the back, in order to confuse her aa trial, and prevent him from fathoming where is our main strength.
2. We should attack a point on the disposition of the enemy with all our might, but we also conduct mock deployments elsewhere and make a display of vacuum with a handful of soldiers scattered to confuse the enemy's eyes and ears, and disperse their forces.
3. If we can determine in advance the enemy line of retreat, then we must, within the limits of the possible, send a hand of our forces to stop it. II, the enemy has its heavy artillery and logistics supply installed outside the town, then he should appoint a small panel to seize them.
4. If the guerrilla unit is numerically strong, should be divided into several columns, and must carry out the attack with two, three or more directions, trying to cut off the retreat of the enemy, but we must consider the matter thoroughly, to avoid causing confusion in our own ranks, which could be misleading to take our own troops to the enemy. Because of this possibility, is necessary before the action, agreement on the signs.
5. In the case of an attack surprise the enemy, if there is reason to fear that the enemy reinforcements could arrive from a certain direction, it should send a small body of troops before action to the path where they can get reinforcements to prevent its progress, or the report of this danger to the main force.
6. When a surprise attack, choosing the point at which the weight of the attack will fall, and the geographic distribution of our forces (in general, using the two-thirds of our men for the main attack, and only a third of auxiliary directions of attack) should be quite enough to prevent enemy forces from lying or receive reinforcement and to enable us to crush one by one.
7. The various task forces to form a guerrilla unit should divide their forces into a short distance from the point where the attack should be done, and from there make a provision separate but coordinated. The best place for this is the point from which the load will be. Thus, we can prevent accidents like the loss of our way, or the premature division of our forces, and we can too. guard against the danger of attacks by surprise by the enemy. For the more distant are the various separate columns or groups, most likely, they are separated by the field, and more difficult will expect all to strike at the same time.
6. A successful surprise attack.
In general, we charge the enemy when not prepared, in circumstances where he is scared and nervous. If we really want to strike when the enemy is waiting for us and succeed, the following points must be met:
1. We must act quickly and in secret and not allow our plans to be revealed soon.
2. We must strike at a time in the alert system that the enemy is not very alert.
3. We have to make an empty screen, and the attack in several places at once, so that the reaction the enemy is confused, frightened and his forces are impeding each other, and he can not use all his strength to resist stubbornly us.
4. In carrying of surprise attack, we must strike at the appointed hours, there should be no noise, no shots should be fired, there should be no battle cries. We must do all soldiers understand the use of the weapons used in a surprise attack, which are the bayonet and hand grenade. Do not return the fire just because we listen to enemy fire. It is only when we have the opportunity to take advantage of the situation to attack the enemy that we must launch our attack, our vanguard and the rearguard support, the election of front, side, or direct blows.
7. PROVISIONS Following the success of a surprise attack.
1. As soon as the tasks of a surprise attack had been carried out, a guerrilla unit should be removed quickly. Before the withdrawal, it is best to go a few li a fake address, then turn and are heading our way real, so the enemy can not discover our subjects, and may not to follow us.
2. Not appropriate for a unit the guerrillas to take over the prisoners, or to purchase large quantities of booty, which hinder our movement. It is best to require that the first prisoners to surrender their weapons, and then to disperse them or run them. As for the loot, should be sent by the local government or by the population.
3. During the battle, three officers and men of all companies should have the sole task of gathering and collecting guns and ammunition abandoned altogether. After a victorious battle, which should devote all our efforts to collect everything on the battlefield, and can also call on the population of nearby areas to gather those things together, so that no is the tiniest detail is left behind.
8. PROVISIONS after the defeat of a surprise attack.
If an attack is defeated by surprise, must be removed quickly to the meeting place designated in advance. The usual venue is at the place where they camped the night before. If our forces are sufficient, you can leave a reserve unit along the designated route of withdrawal, to look out for the prisoners and the wounded.
CHAPTER VIII
ESPIONAGE
1. POINTS OF ATTENTION TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF SPYING OUT.
1. All status reports must be transmitted without loss time to his superiors or friendly armies.
2. The reports we collect is absolutely accurate in every detail. All reports should be careless and negligent severely prohibited.
3. The scope of espionage is not limited exclusively to the situation of the enemy, the spies must also pay attention to the field. We must be informed of all aspects of the earth that are disadvantageous to us, especially the favorable aspects to the enemy, such as narrow roads, river crossings, tortuous routes to avoid these river crossings and narrow roads, etc.
4. We must bend every effort to obtain a complete and detailed information on all issues related somehow to our guerrilla unit, should not cease our efforts until we understand the situation thoroughly.
5. We must pay attention to people's feelings towards ourselves and the enemy. They are the people actively helping us? What is your positive attitude is manifested?
2. METHODS OF SPYING.
Besides sending is, brave and intelligent people (spies) to carry out espionage activities in each hand, a guerrilla unit should closely unite with the masses of the site concerned. Furthermore, in strategically important places, people use reliable local or among people who sympathize with the guerrillas (for example, we make use of feudal relations and find a relative or someone from the family of the person that has been executed by the enemy, we can use those among people who hate the enemy, etc..) We give these people a relatively good salary, establishing a network secret intelligence and a sentinel system, so that we can easily transmit information.
3. SPYING FOR Number of enemy troops, his tactical ability, and their equipment.
1. Where are so and so many enemy infantry, cavalry, artillery, men, and other units are you? How many armored cars and trains, tanks and military planes have no enemies? And where are they?
2. What kind of defense works is the enemy has in his forehead, the back, and around their cities and other places? What kind of forces are defending?
3. Where are the camps of the enemy and their arsenal?
4. What about the reserves of the enemy and accompanying troops? Where are?
5. How is the morale of enemy soldiers? Are you ready to fight, or not? What are your relations with the people and their own officers?
6. What about the enemy army supplies of military equipment, clothing and bedding, food and other commodities?
4. SPYING ON THE GROUND.
1. First, we must pay attention to major highways in this area, and its direction, its width, its surface type, whether or not clay, etc, and
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